The freedoms of the high seas are fundamental principles of international maritime law. Governed primarily by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). These freedoms ensure that all nations, whether coastal or landlocked, have equal rights to use the high seas.
The high seas refer to parts of the ocean that lie beyond the jurisdiction of any single nation, typically beyond 200 nautical miles from a country’s baseline. These waters are open to all states and are not subject to sovereignty.
Key Freedoms of the High Seas
- Freedom of Navigation
Every nation has the right to sail ships flying its flag on the high seas without interference, except in cases of piracy or other illegal activities. - Freedom of Overflight
Aircraft of all states may fly freely over the high seas, respecting international aviation rules. - Freedom to Lay Submarine Cables and Pipelines
Countries may install undersea cables and pipelines for communication or energy transmission. - Freedom of Fishing
States have the right to fish on the high seas, but they must cooperate in conserving marine resources. - Freedom of Scientific Research
Nations may conduct marine scientific investigations, provided they respect international environmental standards. - Freedom to Construct Artificial Islands and Installations
States may build structures for peaceful purposes like research or navigation, even though these areas do not constitute sovereign territory.
Legal Framework
Part VII of UNCLOS protects these freedoms and emphasizes responsible use. It expects states to:
Prevent activities like piracy or slave trade
Avoid marine pollution
Cooperate in conservation
Respect the rights of other nations
