Meaning and Concept of Court of Inquiry
A Court of Inquiry is a fact-finding body constituted to inquire into matters connected with or relevant to an industrial dispute. The provision relating to Court of Inquiry is contained in Section 6 of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. Unlike Labour Courts or Industrial Tribunals, a Court of Inquiry does not adjudicate disputes or give binding decisions. Its primary function is to investigate facts and submit a report to the appropriate government. The purpose behind constituting a Court of Inquiry is to ascertain the real causes of industrial disputes and to assist the government in taking informed decisions. It plays a preventive and advisory role by bringing clarity and transparency in complex industrial situations.
Constitution and Powers
Under Section 6(1) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the appropriate government may constitute a Court of Inquiry consisting of one or more independent persons. Where more than one person is appointed, one of them is designated as the Chairman. According to Section 6(2), the Court of Inquiry has the same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, for enforcing attendance, examining witnesses, and compelling the production of documents. These powers enable the Court to conduct an effective and thorough investigation. However, its role remains limited to inquiry and reporting, without adjudicatory authority.
Role and Legal Importance
The role of a Court of Inquiry is significant in maintaining industrial peace. After completing the inquiry, the Court submits a detailed report to the appropriate government under Section 6(3), usually within six months. While the report is not binding on the parties, it provides valuable insights into the causes of industrial unrest and suggests remedial measures. Courts of Inquiry are especially useful in disputes involving large-scale industries or matters of public importance. By identifying factual issues objectively, they help prevent escalation of disputes and support informed policy decisions by the government.
Real-Time Practical Example
A large public sector undertaking witnesses repeated strikes due to allegations of unsafe working conditions and unfair management practices. To understand the root cause of the unrest, the State Government constitutes a Court of Inquiry under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. The Court examines workers, management representatives, safety records, and inspection reports. After inquiry, it submits a report highlighting safety lapses and communication gaps. Based on the findings, the government issues directions to improve conditions, thereby preventing further industrial conflict. This illustrates the practical importance of a Court of Inquiry.
Mnemonic to Remember Court of Inquiry
Mnemonic: “I.N.Q.U.I.R.E”
I – Investigation body
N – No adjudication
Q – Questions facts
U – Under Section 6
I – Independent members
R – Report to government
E – Evidence based findings
This mnemonic helps recall the nature, powers, and function of a Court of Inquiry during exams.
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