Meaning and Concept of Principles of Natural Justice
The Principles of Natural Justice are fundamental rules of fairness, reasonableness, and justice that guide judicial, quasi-judicial, and administrative actions. Though not expressly defined in any statute, these principles are deeply embedded in Indian legal jurisprudence and are applicable to labour adjudication, domestic enquiries, and disciplinary proceedings. In labour law, natural justice ensures that decisions affecting workmen are taken fairly and without arbitrariness. Courts have repeatedly held that violation of natural justice amounts to denial of justice. These principles act as safeguards against misuse of power and ensure transparency, accountability, and fairness in employer–employee relations.
Core Principles of Natural Justice
The two foundational principles of natural justice are “Audi Alteram Partem” and “Nemo Judex in Causa Sua.” Audi Alteram Partem means “hear the other side,” ensuring that no person is condemned without being given an opportunity to be heard. Nemo Judex in Causa Sua means that no one should be a judge in their own cause, emphasizing impartiality. These principles are consistently applied in labour matters such as domestic enquiries and disciplinary actions. The Supreme Court has recognized that even where statutes are silent, principles of natural justice must be read into administrative and quasi-judicial proceedings to prevent injustice.
Application in Labour Law
In labour law, principles of natural justice play a crucial role in disciplinary proceedings, dismissal, termination, and domestic enquiries. Employers are required to give a charge sheet, provide reasonable opportunity to defend, and conduct impartial enquiries. Labour Courts and Industrial Tribunals frequently set aside disciplinary actions where natural justice is violated. Even under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, adherence to natural justice is mandatory while adjudicating disputes. These principles ensure fair treatment of workmen and protect them from arbitrary or biased actions by employers, thereby promoting industrial harmony.
Real-Time Practical Example
A company terminates an employee for alleged misconduct without issuing a charge sheet or giving the employee an opportunity to explain. The employee challenges the termination before the Labour Court. The court finds that the employer violated the principle of Audi Alteram Partem by not giving a fair hearing. Consequently, the termination is declared illegal, and reinstatement is ordered. This example clearly demonstrates how violation of natural justice can invalidate disciplinary action in labour law.
Mnemonic to Remember Principles of Natural Justice
Mnemonic: “A.N.I.”
A – Audi Alteram Partem (hear both sides)
N – No bias
I – Impartial decision
This mnemonic helps quickly recall the essential principles during examinations.
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