A trial is the heart of the criminal justice system where the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined. Under Indian law, a trial is governed by the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (CrPC) and involves a structured process of presenting evidence, examining witnesses, and delivering a judgment.
What is a Trial in Criminal Law?
- A trial is a judicial proceeding where the court examines evidence and arguments presented by both parties to determine whether the accused is guilty of a criminal offence.
- It begins after the framing of charges and continues until the court gives its verdict or judgment.
- The objective of the trial is to ensure justice by conducting a fair and impartial hearing.
Legal Provisions Related to Trial
- The provisions for trial are primarily found in the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, specifically in Chapters XVIII to XXII.
- Different types of trials are prescribed based on the nature and severity of the offence.
Types of Trials Under CrPC
1. Sessions Trial (Chapter XVIII, Sections 225–237)
- Applicable to serious offences punishable with death, life imprisonment or imprisonment over 7 years.
- Heard by a Court of Session after committal by a Magistrate.
2. Warrant Trial (Chapter XIX, Sections 238–250)
- For offences punishable with imprisonment exceeding 2 years.
- Can be initiated on a police report or private complaint.
- Includes framing of charges, prosecution evidence, defence evidence, and judgment.
3. Summons Trial (Chapter XX, Sections 251–259)
- For less serious offences punishable with imprisonment up to 2 years.
- Procedure is simpler and quicker than warrant or sessions trials.
4. Summary Trial (Chapter XXI, Sections 260–265)
- For petty offences to ensure speedy justice.
- Heard by Magistrates and judgment is delivered quickly.
Stages of Criminal Trial in India
- Filing of Charge Sheet / Complaint
- Based on investigation by the police or a private complaint.
- Cognizance by Magistrate
- Court takes cognizance of the offence and summons the accused.
- Framing of Charges
- Specific charges are framed under relevant sections of IPC or other laws.
- Plea of the Accused
- Accused is asked to plead guilty or not guilty.
- Examination of Prosecution Witnesses
- Prosecution presents evidence and witnesses for examination and cross-examination.
- Statement of Accused (Section 313 CrPC)
- Accused is given a chance to explain circumstances appearing against them.
- Defence Evidence
- Accused may present evidence and witnesses in their defence.
- Final Arguments
- Both sides present their concluding arguments.
- Judgment
- The court pronounces whether the accused is guilty or not.
- Sentencing (if convicted)
- Court awards punishment as per law.
Important Case Laws on Trial
State of U.P. v. Ranjit Singh (1999)
- Reinforced the importance of fair trial as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution.
Zahira Habibullah Sheikh v. State of Gujarat (2004)
- Stressed that justice must not only be done but seen to be done—underscoring transparency in trials.
Babu v. State of Kerala (2010)
- Highlighted the need for proper appreciation of evidence during trial stages.
Difference Between Types of Trials
| Trial Type | Jurisdiction | Applicable Offences | Procedure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sessions Trial | Court of Session | Grave offences (7+ years, death, life) | Lengthy and formal |
| Warrant Trial | Magistrate | 2+ years imprisonment offences | Moderate |
| Summons Trial | Magistrate | Minor offences (less than 2 years) | Simple |
| Summary Trial | Magistrate (empowered) | Petty offences (fine or short imprisonment) | Fast |
Importance of Trial in Criminal Justice System
- A trial ensures that justice is delivered based on facts and law.
- Prevents arbitrary punishment and guarantees right to fair hearing.
- Enables the accused to defend themselves and prove innocence if wrongly accused.
- Strengthens public faith in the rule of law and due process.