Quasi-Judicial Functions
Quasi-judicial functions refer to powers exercised by administrative or executive authorities that resemble judicial decision-making but are not performed by regular courts. These functions involve determining facts, applying legal principles, and deciding disputes that affect the rights of individuals. Unlike purely administrative actions, quasi-judicial decisions require adherence to principles of natural justice, especially audi alteram partem (hear the other side). In India, such functions are commonly exercised by tribunals, commissions, and statutory authorities to ensure speedy and specialized justice. The authority must act fairly, objectively, and without arbitrariness. Although they do not follow strict court procedures, they must provide reasoned orders. This balance between flexibility and fairness makes quasi-judicial functions essential in modern governance, particularly in regulatory, tax, labor, and service matters. They help reduce the burden on courts while ensuring legal accountability of the administration.
Legal Basis and Statutory Framework
Quasi-judicial functions derive their authority from statutes that expressly or impliedly confer adjudicatory powers on administrative bodies. For example, Section 7 of the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 empowers tribunals to adjudicate service matters of public servants. Similarly, Section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 recognizes adjudicatory powers beyond regular courts where statutes provide otherwise. Under Article 136 of the Constitution of India, decisions of quasi-judicial authorities can be reviewed by the Supreme Court, reflecting their judicial character. These authorities must follow natural justice, even if the statute is silent. Failure to do so may render the decision invalid. Thus, statutory backing combined with constitutional safeguards ensures that quasi-judicial bodies function within the rule of law while delivering efficient justice.
Nature and Characteristics
The core feature of quasi-judicial functions lies in their hybrid nature. The authority is not a court, yet it performs functions similar to a judge. Such authorities evaluate evidence, conduct hearings, and pass binding orders affecting civil rights. However, they enjoy procedural flexibility and are not bound by strict rules of evidence under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Reasoned decisions are mandatory, as arbitrary orders violate Article 14 of the Constitution. Another key characteristic is limited discretion; decisions must align with statutory objectives. Appeals or judicial review usually lie before higher judicial forums, ensuring accountability. This structure allows expertise-based adjudication in technical matters like taxation, environment, and labor law, making quasi-judicial bodies a vital component of administrative justice in India.
Real-Time Example
A common real-time example of quasi-judicial function is exercised by an Income Tax Assessing Officer under the Income Tax Act, 1961. When assessing tax liability, the officer issues notices, hears the taxpayer, examines evidence, and passes an assessment order. Although the officer belongs to the executive, the function performed is adjudicatory in nature. The officer must follow principles of natural justice and provide reasons for the assessment. If the taxpayer feels aggrieved, an appeal can be filed before the Commissioner (Appeals) and further before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. This shows how quasi-judicial authorities directly impact individual rights while operating within a statutory and judicially reviewable framework.
Mnemonic to Remember
A simple mnemonic to remember quasi-judicial functions is “FACTS”.
F – Fair hearing is mandatory
A – Authority is administrative, not a court
C – Civil rights are affected
T – Tribunal-like reasoning is applied
S – Statutory backing exists
This mnemonic helps recall the essential elements quickly during exams or legal writing.
About Lawgnan
If you want clear, exam-oriented explanations of legal concepts like quasi-judicial functions, visit lawgana.in today. Our platform simplifies complex laws with practical examples, mnemonics, and statutory references tailored for law students, judiciary aspirants, and legal professionals. Stay updated with high-quality legal content that strengthens your understanding and improves answer-writing skills. Bookmark lawgana.in and share it with peers who seek reliable and concise legal knowledge. Start learning smarter, not harder, and build a strong foundation in Indian law with us.
