What Is a Treaty?
A treaty is a formal and legally binding agreement between two or more sovereign states or international organizations. Treaties are created to establish rights, duties, or rules on matters such as peace, trade, borders, environment, defense, and human rights.
In essence, a treaty is a contract in international law. Once signed and ratified, it becomes a source of legal obligation for the parties involved.
Types of Treaties
- Bilateral Treaties
These are agreements between two parties. Example: India and Bhutan’s Friendship Treaty. - Multilateral Treaties
These involve three or more parties. Example: The United Nations Charter or the Paris Climate Agreement. - Universal Treaties
These are open to all nations, often under the auspices of organizations like the UN. Example: Geneva Conventions. - Peace Treaties
Signed to end conflicts. Example: The Treaties of Versailles (1919).
Key Features of a Treaty
- Written Document: Must be in written form.
- Consent of Parties: Each party must freely agree to the terms.
- Binding Nature: Once ratified, the treaties becomes enforceable under international law.
- Registration: Most treaties are registered with international bodies, especially the United Nations.
Legal Importance
Treaties play a key role in global diplomacy. They form the foundation of peaceful relations, economic cooperation, and collective security. Violating a treaty can result in international sanctions or loss of reputation.
In India, Article 253 of the Constitution allows Parliament to make laws to implement treaties signed by the country.
