Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, WHO plays a pivotal role in global health governance, disease prevention, emergency response, and setting medical standards. It operates with the mission to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable.
Structure of WHO
WHO is governed by three main bodies:
World Health Assembly (WHA)
- It is the decision-making body.
- Comprises delegations from all 194 member states.
- Meets annually in Geneva, Switzerland.
- Determines policies, approves budgets, and appoints the Director-General.
Executive Board
- Consists of 34 technically qualified members elected for three years.
- Implements decisions and policies of the WHA.
- Prepares the agenda for the Assembly.
Secretariat
- Headed by the Director-General.
- Responsible for implementing WHO’s work programs.
- Includes thousands of health and support workers worldwide.
Key Functions and Roles of WHO
Setting Health Standards
- Develops guidelines and standards for health practices.
- Publishes the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
- Regulates vaccines and essential medicines.
Disease Prevention and Control
- Leads global campaigns against diseases like polio, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis.
- Provides technical assistance for vaccination programs.
Emergency Health Response
- Coordinates international responses during health crises like pandemics and natural disasters.
- Played a key role during COVID-19, Ebola, and Zika virus outbreaks.
Research and Data Collection
- Conducts research on health trends and innovations.
- Maintains global health statistics and surveillance.
Health Promotion and Advocacy
- Supports nations in improving healthcare systems.
- Advocates for clean water, nutrition, maternal care, and mental health.
WHO’s Priority Areas
- Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
- Ensures access to quality health services without financial hardship.
- Health Emergencies
- Strengthens capacities to detect, prevent, and respond to outbreaks.
- Healthier Populations
- Focuses on better nutrition, reduced pollution, and healthier lifestyles.
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Promotes responsible use of antibiotics and global surveillance.
- Climate Change and Health
- Addresses environmental factors affecting health outcomes.
Major Achievements of WHO
- Eradication of Smallpox in 1980.
- Near-eradication of Polio with global immunization drives.
- Establishing the International Health Regulations (IHR) to manage cross-border health risks.
- COVAX initiative for equitable distribution of COVID-19 vaccines.
Funding and Partnerships
WHO is funded through:
- Assessed contributions (mandatory dues by member countries).
- Voluntary contributions from governments, foundations, and international bodies.
- It partners with UNICEF, World Bank, GAVI, Red Cross, and private entities.
Criticism and Challenges
- Accused of slow response during early stages of pandemics (e.g., COVID-19).
- Allegations of political influence and lack of transparency.
- Limited enforcement powers, relying mostly on member cooperation.
Despite these, WHO remains a cornerstone in global health development.
