Definition:
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company or organization that provides individuals, businesses, and institutions access to the Internet and related services such as email, domain hosting, cloud storage, and web browsing.
ISPs are the gateways that allow users to connect to the internet via various technologies like broadband, fiber optic, DSL, or wireless connections.
Functions of an ISP:
- Internet Connectivity
- The primary function is to provide internet access to users using technologies such as:
- Broadband (wired or wireless)
- Fiber-optic
- Satellite
- DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
- The primary function is to provide internet access to users using technologies such as:
- IP Address Allocation
- ISPs assign IP addresses (unique identification numbers) to devices connecting through their networks.
- Email Services
- Many ISPs offer email accounts and mail servers for communication.
- Web Hosting Services
- ISPs may provide space and tools to host websites, including domain registration and server management.
- Customer Support
- Technical support for connection issues, billing, speed, modem/router setup, etc.
- Security & Filtering
- Offer protection against malware, spam, and sometimes parental controls or content filtering.
- Data Management & Usage Monitoring
- Monitor data usage, bandwidth limits, and billing services.
Types of ISPs:
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Dial-up ISPs | Early form of internet access via telephone lines; now mostly obsolete. |
| Broadband ISPs | High-speed internet using cable, DSL, or fiber optics. Most common today. |
| Wireless ISPs (WISPs) | Provide internet over radio signals; often used in rural areas. |
| Mobile ISPs | Offer internet via mobile data networks (e.g., 4G, 5G). |
| Satellite ISPs | Deliver internet in remote areas using satellite connections. |
Examples of Major ISPs in India:
- BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited)
- Airtel
- Jio
- ACT Fibernet
- Hathway
- You Broadband
- MTNL
Role of ISPs in Cyberspace:
- Enablers of Internet Access
Without ISPs, users cannot connect to the internet or cyberspace. - Intermediaries under IT Act, 2000 (India)
- As per Section 2(1)(w), ISPs are classified as intermediaries, meaning they transmit or store electronic records on behalf of others.
- They are protected under Section 79 of the IT Act from liability, provided they do not initiate, modify, or select the transmission.
- Data Monitoring & Lawful Interception
- Under government regulations, ISPs must assist law enforcement in monitoring or intercepting digital communications when legally mandated.
Challenges Faced by ISPs:
| Challenge | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Network Congestion | High demand can slow down services. |
| Security Threats | Need to prevent misuse like cyberattacks or illegal content. |
| Regulatory Compliance | Must follow laws regarding data retention, surveillance, and user privacy. |
| Infrastructure Costs | Setting up and maintaining infrastructure like towers, cables, servers. |
| Competition | Rapid market changes and pricing wars in highly competitive markets. |
