Definition and Legal Basis
Relevant facts are those facts that logically or legally help to prove or disprove the fact in issue in a legal proceeding. Under Section 5 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, relevance is determined by whether a fact directly or indirectly affects the probability of the existence of any fact in issue. Only relevant facts are admissible as evidence, while irrelevant facts are excluded to maintain focus and efficiency in trial proceedings. The doctrine ensures that courts consider only facts that are material to the resolution of the dispute, avoiding distractions or unnecessary details.
Types of Relevant Facts
- Facts in Issue (Section 3): Facts directly in dispute between the parties.
- Facts Relevant to Facts in Issue:
- Existential or Circumstantial Facts (Sections 6–16): Facts that help establish a fact in issue indirectly, such as cause, effect, or connection.
- Motive, Preparation, or Conduct (Sections 7–14): Facts showing motive, preparation, or conduct of parties are relevant.
- Admissions and Confessions (Sections 17–31): Statements by a party acknowledging a fact.
- Presumptions of Law (Sections 4, 112, 113B): Certain facts presumed by law to exist once foundational facts are proved.
Significance and Judicial Approach
Relevant facts shape the evidentiary framework of a case. Courts analyze whether a fact increases or decreases the probability of the existence of a fact in issue. Irrelevant evidence is inadmissible under Sections 5–55 of the Evidence Act. By focusing on relevant facts, judicial proceedings are efficient, logical, and fair, ensuring decisions are based on material evidence. Judges weigh relevance along with credibility and reliability, considering how the fact connects to the issue at hand.
Real-Time Example
In a theft case, a witness testifies that the accused was seen near the crime scene around the time of theft. While this does not directly prove theft, it is a relevant fact under Section 6 Evidence Act because it increases the likelihood that the accused was involved. Combined with recovery of stolen goods and other evidence, the court uses these relevant facts to reach a conclusion about the accused’s involvement.
Mnemonic to Remember
Mnemonic: “R-E-L-E-V-A-N-T”
- R – Related to Fact in Issue: Directly or indirectly.
- E – Effect on Probability: Increases or decreases likelihood of facts in issue.
- L – Logical Connection: Must logically support a fact.
- E – Evidence Material: Admissible if relevant.
- V – Verification Needed: Must be credible.
- A – Admissions Count: Statements or confessions.
- N – Necessity: Helps decide outcome.
- T – Testable in Court: Can be examined and cross-verified.
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