Secondary Evidence is an important concept under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, particularly when the original document—known as primary evidence—cannot be produced before the court. […]
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Examine the nature, scope and purpose of Cross-Examination of Witnesses.
Meaning and Central Role of Cross-Examination Cross-examination is one of the most powerful and essential tools in the judicial process. It is the process of […]
Who are Competent Witnesses? Is an accomplice Competent Witness?
The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 lays down a comprehensive framework for the presentation of evidence in court, including rules on who is eligible to testify. […]
Who is an Expert and when are Opinions of Expert relevant?
Understanding the role and relevance of expert opinion is essential in modern judicial proceedings, where courts increasingly rely on specialized knowledge to interpret complex facts. […]
When Statements made by persons who cannot be called as Witnesses are relevant?
Understanding the Concept The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, governs the admissibility and relevance of statements in judicial proceedings. Typically, evidence is given by witnesses who […]
Explain the Rules relating to Burden of Proof.
Understanding Burden of Proof The concept of burden of proof is a cornerstone in the administration of justice, ensuring that the parties in a legal […]
What are Privileged Communications?
In legal proceedings, truth-finding is the primary goal, and the Law of Evidence plays a crucial role in ensuring that only relevant, reliable and admissible […]
What is Estoppel? What are the Essential Conditions for the Application of Doctrine of Estoppel.
Introduction to the Concept of Estoppel The doctrine of estoppel is a vital principle under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, designed to uphold fairness, honesty, […]
What is Dying Declaration? Explain the Rules relating to the admissibility of Dying Declaration as evidence.
Introduction to Dying Declaration A dying declaration is one of the most significant exceptions to the rule against hearsay. Under normal circumstances, statements made outside […]
Explain the terms ‘May Presume’, ‘Shall Presume’ and “Conclusive Proof.”
Legal Presumptions Under the Evidence Act The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 lays down important principles that guide how courts treat certain facts during a trial. […]